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| serviceyears = 1765–94 | branch = Continental Army; Army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | unit = engineer, Continental Army; ''Naczelnik'' (commander-in-chief), Polish Army | battles = | awards = | signature = Tadeusz Kościuszko's signature.svg }} Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (''Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kościuszko''; February 4 or 12, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish military engineer and a military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Belarus, and the United States.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tadeusz Kosciuszko )〕 He fought in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's struggles against Russia and Prussia, and on the American side in the American Revolutionary War. As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising. Kościuszko was born in February 1746 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in a village that is now in Belarus; his exact birthdate is unknown. At age 20, he graduated from the Corps of Cadets in Warsaw, Poland, but after the outbreak of a civil war involving the Bar Confederation in 1768, Kościuszko moved to France in 1769 to pursue further studies. He returned to Poland in 1774, two years after its First Partition, and took a position as tutor in Józef Sylwester Sosnowski's household. After Kościuszko attempted to elope with his employer's daughter and was severely beaten by the father's retainers, he returned to France. In 1776, Kościuszko moved to North America, where he took part in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army. An accomplished military architect, he designed and oversaw the construction of state-of-the-art fortifications, including those at West Point, New York. In 1783, in recognition of his services, the Continental Congress promoted him to brigadier general. Returning to Poland in 1784, Kościuszko was commissioned a major general in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Army in 1789. After the Polish-Russian War of 1792 had resulted in the Second Partition of Poland, he organized an uprising against Russia in March 1794, serving as its ''Naczelnik'' (commander-in-chief). Russian forces captured him at the Battle of Maciejowice in October 1794. The defeat of the Kościuszko Uprising that November led to Poland's Third Partition in 1795, which ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's independent existence for 123 years. In 1796, following the death of Tsaritsa Catherine the Great, Kościuszko was pardoned by her successor, Tsar Paul I, and he emigrated to the United States. A close friend of Thomas Jefferson, with whom he shared ideals of human rights, Kościuszko wrote a will in 1798 dedicating his American assets to the education and freedom of U.S. slaves. He eventually returned to Europe and lived in Switzerland until his death in 1817. The execution of his will later proved difficult and the funds were never used for the purpose he had intended. ==Early life== Kościuszko was born in February 1746 in the village of Mereczowszczyzna (since 1945 Merechevschina, Belarus), a ''folwark'' near the town of Kosów Poleski (since 1945 Kosava, Belarus). His exact birthdate is unknown; commonly cited are February 4〔 and February 12. The area lay within the Polesie region, then in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.〔〔Institute of World Politics, 2009, article.〕 Kościuszko was the youngest son of a member of the ''szlachta (nobility)'', Ludwik Tadeusz Kościuszko, an officer in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Army, and his wife Tekla, ''née'' Ratomska.〔Herbst, 1969 p. 431.〕 The Kościuszkos held the Polish ''Roch III coat of arms''.〔Szyndler, 1991, p. 476.〕 At the time of Tadeusz Kościuszko's birth, the family possessed modest landholdings in the Grand Duchy, which were worked by 31 peasant families.〔〔Storozynski, 2011, p. 2.〕 Tadeusz was baptized by the Roman Catholic church and the Orthodox Church, thereby receiving the names ''Andrzej'', ''Tadeusz'', and ''Bonawentura''.〔Szyndler, 1991, p. 27.〕〔Krol, 2005, Public address.〕〔Gardner, 1920 p. 317.〕〔Kajencki, 1998, p. 54.〕 His paternal family was ethnically Lithuanian-Ruthenian〔Cizauskas 1986, pp. 1–10.〕 and traced their ancestry to Konstanty Fiodorowicz Kostiuszko, a courtier of Polish King and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund I the Old.〔Korzon, 1894, p. 135.〕 Kościuszko's maternal family, the Ratomskis, were also Ruthenian.〔''Новости'' (), 2009, p. 317.〕 Modern Belarusian writers interpret his Ruthenian or Lithuanian heritage as Belarusian.〔Sanko & Saverchenko, 1999, p. 82.〕 He once described himself as a ''Litvin'',〔 a term that denoted inhabitants, of whatever ethnicity, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Modern Belarusian writers interpret ''Litvin'' as designating a Belarusian, before the word "Belarusian" had come into use.〔Под ред, 2006, pp. 206–08.〕 Kościuszko, however, did not speak the Belarusian language; his family had become Polonized as early as the 16th century.〔100 Great Aristocrats, Essay.〕 Like most Polish-Lithuanian nobility of the time, the Kościuszkos spoke Polish and identified with Polish culture.〔Storozynski, 2011, p. 27.〕 In 1755, Kościuszko began attending school in Lyubeshiv, but never finished due to his family's financial straits after his father's death in 1758. Poland's King Stanisław August Poniatowski established a Corps of Cadets (''Korpus Kadetów'') in 1765, at what is now Warsaw University, to educate military officers and government officials. Kościuszko enrolled in the Corps on December 18, 1765, likely thanks to the patronage of the Czartoryski family. The school emphasized military subjects and the liberal arts,〔Storozynski, 2011, p. 28.〕 and after graduating on December 20, 1766, Kościuszko was promoted to ''chorąży'' (a military rank roughly equivalent to modern lieutenant); he stayed on as a student instructor and by 1768 had attained the rank of captain.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tadeusz Kościuszko」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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